Annotated BIBLIOGRAPHY

•Ph. Nemertea, Cl. Enopla, Or. Hoplonemertea, SubOr. Monostilifera, Fam. Carcinonemertidae

•Roe, P., 2004, Ecological Implications of the Reproductive Biology of Symbiotic Nemerteans, Hydrobiologia, 156, 13-22

• A closer look at several Nemertean species, and some reproductive modifications they have undertaken that suspiciously resemble that of a parasite. Is a species which lives around another species (host) and also exhibits reproductive advantages (comparable within groupings) a parasite? Are there more parasitic Nemerteans then once thought?

• The species mentioned are sometimes considered egg-predators and not parasites. The example species exhibited reproduction modifications in the form of, increased egg production, parthenogenesis, hermaphroditism, and reaching sexual maturity earlier.

• Study described several species which are potential parasites of different crustaceans and mollusks. Found reproduction to be correlated with hosts egg availability. Found that the number of gonads in most studied species were much higher then that of free-living species. The proboscis was reduced (no need for it), and they all exhibited reproductive advantages. C.carcinophila imminuta lay approx. 1200 eggs, C. epialti lays approx. 1900-3500 eggs, and the free-living comparison Protoma lays 210 eggs.

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Findings suggest Nemerteans associated with hosts and have reproductive modifications typical of parasites should be considered parasites themselves. This way predictions of the species lifestyles can made based on reproductive and habitat observations. Following this methodology will produce more potential parasitic species for further study